Research Paper on Climate Change the Myth of Global Warming Essay Example

Exploration Paper on Climate Change: the Myth of Global Warming Essay This Research Paper is affectionately devoted to our particular guardians who have been our consistent wellspring of motivation. They have given us the drive and order to handle any undertaking with energy and assurance. Without their adoration and bolster this venture would not have been made conceivable. Affirmation We might want to recognize the commitments of the accompanying gathering and people to the advancement of this examination paper: Our class peer research bunch for the collaboration and fellowship. We are likewise generously appreciative to our instructor, Mr. /Ms. _____, whose consolation, direction and backing from the underlying to the last level empowered us to build up a comprehension of the subject. To our genuinely extraordinary companion Don who has made accessible his help in various manners. In conclusion, We offer our respects and gifts to those who bolstered us in any regard during the finish of the undertaking. Name of Students Here 1 ABSTRACT The outside of the earth has been warming, the normal temperature expanding, for quite a long while. Individuals considering this don't concede to the reason for the warming pattern. We will compose a custom article test on Research Paper on Climate Change: the Myth of Global Warming explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom exposition test on Research Paper on Climate Change: the Myth of Global Warming explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom exposition test on Research Paper on Climate Change: the Myth of Global Warming explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer Some state that man has caused the change; others guarantee that it is a characteristic pattern. On the off chance that a few preservationists are to be accepted, we are very nearly monstrous worldwide environmental change which will see a critical ascent in ocean levels, disordered climate designs, and disastrous dry spells all brought about by little increment in worldwide normal temperature. Regardless of whether a dangerous atmospheric devation is a difficult that can be managed, will depend not just on the manners in which that are accessible to governments and individuals to act yet additionally on their will to act because of this ecological change. Presentation Man-made contamination is obvious; from litter in neighborhood streams to crest of carbon thick smoke surging out of intensity plants, it has become clear manageability isn't a need. Moreover, our assets are being utilized and mishandled a lot quicker than the earth can renew and recoup. As of late, this maltreatment on Mother Nature has become a subject of incredible intrigue. Known as the â€Å"green movement†, advocates pressure familiarity with waste and contamination and its impact on the earth. The most exposed result of our non-earth neighborly activities is a worldwide temperature alteration. This hypothesis is aimlessly received with minimal logical proof since it legitimizes the worlds’ need to practice environmental awareness. At the point when the mind-boggling realities concerning nursery gasses and the sheer measure of waste people produce is considered, there is no big surprise a dangerous atmospheric devation is defended in peoples’ minds. Albeit human actuated a worldwide temperature alteration is a famous hypothesis, it is misdirecting in light of the fact that environmental change has happened from the beginning of time, our latest time of warming finished more than ten years prior, and the earth is at present in a condition of cooling. 2 RATIONALS AND BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY Environmental change is the same old thing. In the life expectancy of earth, an atmosphere where people could and have possessed the planted are negligible smircesh on its’ atmosphere course of events. Beginning with the enormous detonation more than 13. 7 billion years prior, the earth has encountered patterns of hot flashes and freezing spells (Global Warming and Global Cooling, 2007, p. 2). As of late as 650 million years prior the earth was ice cold through and through. This time of 10 million years is known as snowball earth. After this period, volcanoes started to emit delivering ozone harming substances, which warmed the earth. Throughout the following 400 million years, worldwide temperatures rose and fell considering little living things to succeed. Plants, unfeeling creatures, and creepy crawlies did well during this time. At that point, unexpectedly, there was mass termination. Over 95% of the earth’s species kicked the bucket because of flood basalt emissions going on for one million years. The earths’ temperatures rose an amazing 18oF because of a 700% expansion of CO2 during this time. It at that point took 195 billion years for the blanked of CO2 to scatter and earth to cool, by and by permitting occupants. At 55 million years prior another 200F increment happened because of expanded methane gas. Throughout the following 40 million years, temperatures kept on fluctuating, taking into account the polar ice tops to extend and withdraw. Since, the atmosphere has remained generally stable with just a solitary ice age. When temperatures warmed, wooly mammoths that flourished during the ice age and other uber vertebrates couldn't endure, while people where ready to adjust (A Global Warning? , 2007). In any case, it is innocent to deduction environmental change would phenomenally halt for the benefit of human inhabitation. The previously mentioned changes effectsly affected the earth. As of late there has been less extreme, anyway still perceptible, atmosphere changes. Proclamation OF THE PROBLEM For quite a long while devotees and doubters have contended about the reasons for an Earth-wide temperature boost. The issue is confused in light of the fact that devotees caution that man-made causes whenever left to progress excessively far might be irreversible. Decrease of the rainforests, proceeded with development in hydrocarbon enterprises, increments in domesticated animals, and exhaustion of the ozone are totally viewed as components in the discussion. Doubters keep up that the environmental change is a characteristic wonder, that man’s impact on nature is to a great extent exaggerated. The truth of the matter is that for quite a long while, the earth’s temperature is rising. The difficult stays in choosing imagine a scenario in which anything we can do about it. 3 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS All exploration concentrates additionally have restrictions and a limited degree. For our situation, restrictions are more on schedule and spending limitations. Data and information were accumulated from different sources including the web. Leading logical examinations and analyses on a worldwide scale would be close to outlandish for secondary school understudies like us. Hypothetical FRAMEWORK The most perceived instances of present day environmental change are known as the Medieval Warming Period and the Little Ice Age. The Medieval Warming Period (MWP) occurred somewhere in the range of 800 and 1300 AD and comprised of temperatures up to 5oF hotter than today. These temperatures assumed a tremendous job ever, as it was what permitted the Vikings to colonize Greenland. Despite the fact that it is as of now being discussed, this time of warmth could have been worldwide. Provided that this is true, the somewhat raised temperatures seen in the course of the most recent thirty years would not be exceptional. Following the MWP was the Little Ice Age (LIA). This period comprised of three continuous virus spikes with somewhat hotter periods in the middle. These spikes happened at around 1650,1770, and 1850 and are very much archived in North America and Europe. Similarly as with the MWP, it is begging to be proven wrong whether these were worldwide occasions (Natural and anthropogenic environmental change, 2004). Notwithstanding, a connection among's temperature and sun spot action known as the Maunder Minimum created with assistance from perceptions from that time (A basic for environmental change arranging, 2009). Not exclusively do these recorded occasions repudiate the ebb and flow hypothesis of man-distraught an unnatural weather change; the examination picked up from these occasions uncovers other legitimization for regular happening environmental change. 4 DEFINITION OF TERMS For the reason for this examination, the accompanying terms are therefore characterized: ozone depleting substance (once in a while contracted GHG) is a gas in an air that assimilates and produces radiation inside the warm infrared range. This procedure is the major reason for the nursery impact. The essential ozone harming substances in the Earths climate are water fume, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone. reenhouse impact is a procedure by which warm radiation from a planetary surface is consumed by environmental ozone harming substances, and is re-emanated every which way. Since part of this re-radiation is back towards the surface, vitality is moved to the surface and the lower air. Therefore, the temperature there is higher than it would be if direct warming by sun oriented radiation were the main warming component. a worldwide temperature alteration is the expansion in the normal temperature of Earths close surface air and seas since the mid-twentieth century and its anticipated continuation. CO2 emanation or carbon dioxide discharge is the measure of carbon dioxide discharged. sunspots are impermanent marvels on the photosphere of the Sun that show up noticeably as dull spots contrasted with encompassing areas. They are brought about by extreme attractive movement, which hinders convection by an impact similar at the vortex current brake, framing territories of decreased surface temperature. NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration: an autonomous organization of the United States government liable for flying and spaceflight. 5 BODY OF THE RESEARCH There is no uncertainty the earth has and will keep on encountering times of warming. Our latest period started during the 1900s and kept going during that time 2000. â€Å"Research results show that the sun, which started lighting up 100-150 years prior, might be the most grounded it has been in 1,000 years. This expanded splendor is because of sunspots. It isn't completely clear with regards to the connection among's sunspots and environmental change, in any case, a harsh supposition that will be that the more sun spots there are, the more brilliant it is, and there for more warmth is delivered. Moreover, sunspots make an attractive cycle that has been found to connect with the Northern Hemisphere land temperatures (Global Warming: Sun Takes Some Heat, 2004). The significant thing to note is the date connected to the above information.

STRATEGIC PLAN Essays - Strategic Management, Mission Statement

Vital PLAN SHAWNTIL COTTON POST UNIVERSITY Where are you now Statement of purpose T o give and serve the best bona fide s outhern soul food feasting and take-out encounters, by giving sensible procedure in a family inviting condition and treat all clients with pride and regard Qualities or potentially controlling principals S erve our clients with the best home developed fixings M aintain a spotless family air H ave plentiful stopping T reat clients with deference and poise Accommodation by indicating extraordinary eagerness and worry for the organization and clients Realness - serving genuine and unique nourishments social obligation - by being committed to keeping up extraordinary c ustomer administration collaboration by functioning as a group to guarantee the activity completes and in an opportune way . SWOT Qualities Fast Service Incredible Location Incredible Food Creation Quality Shortcoming Activity Cost Restricted Seating Time Scale The board Coverage Openings Target Markets Business Development Agreements Food Tourism Dangers Market Demands Poor Management Loss of Resources Deterrents the organization will confront WHERE ARE WE GOING Upper hands The organization is best at putting bona fide dinners and snacks available for our clients. The organization is best at keeping new things in pivot and on the menus. H igh grade quality fixings H fury experienced cordial workers M aintain a benevolent climate L ocate a superb business area Vison Statement Quite a while from now Snug's Southern Soul Food Restaurant will turn into an effective Soul Food eatery in Appleton, Wisconsin. By provi ng a spirit fulfilling feast and additionally bite to each client that the organization interacts with. Qualities G reat arranging and execution plan Shortcoming H ave enough representatives appropriately prepared Openings Boundless Dangers Duplicate feline organizations By what means WILL YOU GET THERE Vital Objectives Budgetary T ake out just what is expected to live on and utilize the rest towards costs Increment income and decline costs by 10% C ustomer G et client input on the best way to improve the business I ntroducing new menu things to the clients I mproving administrations offered to new and existing clients Operational R un a tight boat to keep power over the costs Extend arranges through remote innovation Individuals C ontinue to prepare representatives for development for the business and their self-improvement I mprove associations with our providers System Become a notable and effective organization. By giving our cus tomers an enormous assortment of soul fulfilling, mouth watering nourishments, in a domain where ethnic nourishments are uncommon. Momentary objectives/needs/activities Inside the following two years my organization will have an area and all the best possible documentation required so as to start a business in the territory of Wisconsin. My organization will achieve these objectives by filling in as a group. Focusing on the job needing to be done, by getting out in searching for a prime area, and by doing the best possible research and making the correct calls. To complete the current objectives my group and I will be answerable for ensuring everything is done and in to the correct individuals by the cutoff time. Activity Items Menu, Kitchen Staff, Cost, Food Quality will all fall under the Chef Stylistic theme and furniture will fall under the Manager Scorecard Discourage mine what the comprehensive view of my vison will be C ome up with an imaginative reason proclamation Execution the objectives and targets that should be accomplished will be recognized, prizes will give for the proceeded with progress. Objectives that have been accomplished that were on the timetables determined in the arrangement? Won't go unnoticed. in the event that the cutoff times for finishing get changed administration will get to the base of why they are being changed and all the correct representatives will be informed in the best possible measure of time required. Work force will have the satisfactory assets to get all objectives ach ieved . All the objectives set up are practical and will be followed by need No needs will be changed so as to ensure the organization objectives are finished on in light of the fact that the organization is number one on the need list By checking the advancement and assessing everything for the organization the stupendous opening of the organization recruiting procedure will all fall in

Can You Pay Off a Personal Loan With a Credit Card

Can You Pay Off a Personal Loan With a Credit Card Can You Pay Off a Personal Loan With a Credit Card? Can You Pay Off a Personal Loan With a Credit Card?If you are considering this option, you need to do the math and make sure youre really saving money. Otherwise, you might just be shifting your debt from one place to another.Credit cards! What can’t they do? They let you shop online. They can open locked doors. And they can build up your credit if you use them properly. But can they be used to pay off a personal loan? And even if you can use them to pay off a personal loan, should you?These are the questions you will have answered over the course of the next few minutes you spend reading this blog post. Heres how credit cards work.You probably understand on a basic level that a credit card is an object that lets you buy something now and then pay for it later. What you may not realize is that every time you use a credit card, you’re essentially taking out a loan.Every time you use a card to make a purchase or to take out a cash advance, you are adding money to your cards balance . That balance then earns interest until it is paid off. You can spend up to your credit limit, but paying off your balances means that you can re-use that space on your card. This model is called a revolving balance.Unlike most loans, standard credit cards come with a 30-day grace period. That means interest won’t start accruing until one month after the amount is added to your card. So if you pay your bill in full before that grace period expires, instead of just paying the monthly minimum amount, you’re essentially getting an interest-free loan.And it’s a loan that builds up your credit score! If your credit score isnt good enough to qualify for a regular credit card you can get a secured credit card by putting down some cash as collateral. The rates will probably be better than the rates for a bad credit loanâ€"even if the right loan can  also  help build your credit score.But can a credit card be used to pay off a personal loan?Yes, a credit card can pay off a personal lo an.Well, at least in some cases.“You can use a credit card to pay off a personal loan,” advised personal finance writer and credit card expert Ben Luthi. “Some credit card issuers will allow you to do it directly through your online account like any other balance transfer.“If your issuer wont allow you to do it directly through their balance transfer tool, you can request credit card convenience checks instead. Some issuers even send these out unsolicited. You can write the check to your personal loan company or write it to yourself and deposit it into your checking account then make the payment.”Essentially, if you have a standard credit card, and you want to use it to pay for a standard personal loan, you’ll probably be able to do soâ€"as long as the loan amount is within your credit limit.Make sure youre actually saving money.As too many scientists at the beginning of that horror movie should have reminded themselves:  Just because you can do something, doesn’t mea n you should. So should you pay off your personal loans with a credit card?It depends. Obviously, there are upsides, like the fact that your personal loan will be paid off. But as we said above, since a credit card is essentially a loan, is that really an upside at all?And then there are the drawbacks “The main drawback to doing this is that youll typically pay a balance transfer fee, which can be anywhere from 1% to 5%, depending on the card and if theres a promotional offer,” warned Luthi. “Also, credit cards charge a lot higher interest rates than some of the best personal loans, so Id only recommend considering it if your personal loan interest rate is higher than your credit card interest rate.”If you have a credit card and are dealing with high-interest debt from a no credit check loan like a payday loan or title loans, then transferring that debt to your card will almost certainly save you money. But with regular installment loans, the math might be a little fuzzier.W hen paying down debt, you need a plan.Sha’Kreshia Lewis, CEO of Humble Hustle Finance shared her own story of using a credit card to pay off a personal loan: “You can use a credit card to pay off a personal loan but it may not be the wisest thing to do. It is important to weigh your options and run your numbers before making a decision.“Speaking from personal experience, I used my credit card to pay off my last couple of payments on my personal loan. The balance on my credit card was at $0 and I paid the credit card off before the month ended. I saved on interest because I paid the loan off before term and I paid the credit card off before any interest accrued.It made a huge positive impact on my credit because the loan was paid off in full. The credit card company did not report it to the credit bureau that my balance went up because I paid it off before their next report date came around.”As Luthi said, it pretty much comes down to whether you’ll be saving money or not. If you can use your credit card to pay off the loan without paying any additional interest or fees, why not? But otherwise, it’s not going to be a good idea.We’ll leave you with this last bit of advice from Lewis: “Be financially disciplined. One late payment could have you deeper in debt than you were before. It may make more sense to refinance a loan with a lower rate than to put it on a credit card with higher interest.”If you want to learn more about getting out of debt, check out these related posts from OppLoans:Financial Priorities: Which Debts Should You Pay Off First?Understanding Debt Relief: With Michael Bovee of The Consumer Recovery NetworkAre Balance Transfers a Good Way to Pay Down Debt?Have you ever paid off a personal loan with a credit card? How did it work out?   want to hear from you! You can find us  on  Facebook  and  Twitter.ContributorsSha’Kreshia Lewis  is an AP Clerk in the oil and gas industry. After 6+ years experience in the financial field, sh e has set out on her own to passionately help others. She is the founder and CEO of Humble Hustle Finance, a financial platform educating emerging adults on the importance of money management.Ben Luthi (@benluthi)  is a personal finance and travel writer who loves to help people make better financial decisions. His work has appeared in U.S. News, Time, USA Today, NerdWallet, and more.

Difference Between Totalitarianism, Authoritarianism, Fascism

Totalitarianism, authoritarianism, and fascism are all forms of government—and defining different forms of government isnt as easy as it might seem.   All nations have an official type of government as designated in the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency’s World Factbook. However, a nation’s own description of its form of government can often be less than objective. For example, while the former Soviet Union declared itself a democracy, its elections were not â€Å"free and fair† as only one party with state-approved candidates were represented. The USSR is more correctly classified as a socialist republic. In addition, the boundaries between various forms of government can be fluid or poorly-defined, often with overlapping characteristics. Such is the case with totalitarianism, authoritarianism, and fascism. What is Totalitarianism? Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler in Munich, Germany September 1937. Fox Photos/Getty Images Totalitarianism is a form of government in which the state’s power is unlimited and controls virtually all aspects of public and private life. This control extends to all political and financial matters, as well as the attitudes, morals, and beliefs of the people. The concept of totalitarianism was developed in the 1920s by Italian fascists. They attempted to spin it positively by referring to what they considered totalitarianism’s â€Å"positive goals† for society. Still, most Western civilizations and governments quickly rejected the concept of totalitarianism and continue to do so today. One distinctive feature of totalitarian governments is the existence of an explicit or implied national ideology—a set of beliefs intended to give meaning and direction to the entire society. According to Russian history expert and author Richard Pipes, Fascist Italian Prime Minister Benito Mussolini once summarized the basis of totalitarianism as â€Å"Everything within the state, nothing outside the state, nothing against the state.† Examples of characteristics that might be present in a totalitarian state include: Rule enforced by a single dictatorThe presence of a single ruling political partyStrict censorship, if not total control of the pressConstant dissemination of pro-government propagandaMandatory service in the military for all citizensMandatory population control practicesProhibition of certain religious or political groups and practicesProhibition of any form of public criticism of the governmentLaws enforced by secret police forces or the military Typically, the characteristics of a totalitarian state tend to cause people to fear their government. Rather than trying to allay that fear, totalitarian rulers encourage it and use it to ensure the people’s cooperation. Early examples of totalitarian states include Germany under Adolf Hitler and Italy under Benito Mussolini. More recent examples of totalitarian states include Iraq under Saddam Hussein and North Korea under Kim Jong-un. What is Authoritarianism? Fidel Castro circa 1977. David Hume Kennerly/Getty Images   An authoritarian state is characterized by a strong central government that allows people a limited degree of political freedom. However, the political process, as well as all individual freedoms, is controlled by the government without any constitutional accountability In 1964, Juan Josà © Linz, Professor Emeritus of Sociology and Political Science at Yale University, described the four most recognizable characteristics of authoritarian states as: Limited political freedom with strict government controls imposed on political institutions and groups like legislatures, political parties, and interest groupsA controlling regime that justifies itself to the people as a â€Å"necessary evil† uniquely capable of coping with â€Å"easily recognizable societal problems† such as hunger, poverty, or violent insurgencyStrict government-imposed constraints on social freedoms such as suppression of political opponents and anti-regime activityThe presence of a ruling executive with vague, shifting, and loosely defined powers Modern dictatorships, such as Venezuela under Hugo Chà ¡vez or Cuba under Fidel Castro, typify authoritarian governments.   While the People’s Republic of China under Chairman Mao Zedong was considered a totalitarian state, modern-day China is more accurately described as an authoritarian state because its citizens are now allowed some limited personal freedoms. Totalitarian Versus Authoritarian Governments In a totalitarian state, the government’s range of control over the people is virtually unlimited. The government controls nearly all aspects of the economy, politics, culture, and society. Education, religion, the arts and sciences, even morality and reproductive rights are controlled by totalitarian governments. While all power in an authoritarian government is held by a single dictator or group, the people are allowed a limited degree of political freedom. What is Fascism? Rarely employed since the end of World War II in 1945, fascism is a form of government combining the most extreme aspects of both totalitarianism and authoritarianism. Even when compared to extreme nationalistic ideologies like Marxism and anarchism, fascism is typically considered to be at the far-right end of the political spectrum. Fascism is characterized by the imposition of dictatorial power, government control of industry and commerce, and the forcible suppression of opposition, often at the hands of the military or a secret police force. Fascism was first seen in Italy during World War I, later spreading to Germany and other European countries during World War II. Historically, the primary function of fascist regimes has been to maintain the nation in a constant state of readiness for war. Fascists observed how rapid, mass military mobilizations during World War I had blurred the lines between the roles of civilians and combatants. Drawing on those experiences, fascist rulers strive to create a rabidly nationalistic culture of â€Å"military citizenship† in which all citizens are willing and prepared to take on some military duties during times of war, including actual combat. In addition, fascists view democracy and the electoral process as an obsolete and unnecessary obstacle to maintaining constant military readiness. They also consider a totalitarian, one-party state as the key to preparing the nation for war and its resulting economic and social hardships. Today, few governments publicly describe themselves as fascist. Instead, the label is more often used pejoratively by those critical of particular governments or leaders. The term â€Å"neo-fascist, for example, describes governments or individuals espousing radical, far right political ideologies similar to those of the World War II fascist states.

Sacagawea Guide to the West

Social Media and Satire Essay Samples - a Brief Outline

Social Media and Satire Essay Samples - a Brief Outline The Unexposed Secret of Social Media and Satire Essay Samples For instance, you might reason the most recent Oscar winner in some category or the tendency generally. Lots of people have tried to capture the value of social networking. Especially, it's important that we understand and regulate the usage of social networking by young children. In the current technological world, lots of people, both young and old, have embraced using social media like Facebook, Twitter, Tumbler and My Space among others so as to connect with one another. Up in Arms About Social Media and Satire Essay Samples? Individuals would say drug or alcohol is more addicted than social media or societal media addiction isn't big issues, but it's not correct. It will be quite helpful if you never got such tasks before, so it is possible to comprehend the genre itself, its principles and fashion. Think of what effect you wish to get, how you would l ove to impress your audience and which aspects you wish to stress. Bullying on social networking effects on society has come to be one of the top 3 reasons for teen suicide, with an additional two teens saying they had attempted suicide as a consequence of cyber bullying. What You Should Do to Find Out About Social Media and Satire Essay Samples Before You're Left Behind When you decide about what to describe in your satire essay, you want to find out what your point is. Humor needs to be directed to some total point or your bit of writing will appear incomplete and scattered. Guidelines on Writing Satire Essays There are plenty of rules which you've got to bear in mind prior to writing your essay. There are they. The Downside Risk of Social Media and Satire Essay Samples Yes, even songs aren't exempted. Still, lots of people may not recognize how satire may be used properly. Preparing a satire essay is just one of the most difficult ones as it should be something like a literary bit of writing. Now, it is considered to be a genre of literature. In the simplest of terms, it is the act of exaggerating a specific wrong in order to imply something that is right. Political satire is just one of the most frequent forms used on modern society. Things You Won't Like About Social Media and Satire Essay Samples and Things You Will The Internet is now the simplest means of searching for information and conduct personal enterprise. Business accounts on social networking accounts serve quite a few purposes. Social media also provides a lot once it comes to fiscal considerations. Recently, Facebook has made it simpler to understand and adjust your privacy settings but it's up to the user to make sure their privacy is guarded. Providing statistical details about various surveys enables organisations to recognize the crucial areas they ought to concentrate on to be able to build a good brand image online. While social media has its benefits, it's important that businesses are acutely conscious of their very own social networking strategies. There are benefits and disadvantages of social networking. Tip There are lots of forms of conservative republicans. The Dirty Facts About Social Media and Satire Essay Samples One of the best negative impacts of social networking is causing a rapid gain in the ordinary weight of adolescents, which can be a significant problem later on. When it comes to individual impact, social networking sites were shown to be both beneficial and boon. Social networking is a rising trends on the planet today. With government involvement, electronics and societal media can readily be wiped away from Earth. The non-testing businesses are clueless in regards to delighting the cus tomers. People ought to keep in mind that the huge majority of Americans or emigrants trying to locate their American dream in the usa will not succeed. They are getting triggered on social media and becoming miserable as if they had a mental illness for 5 years. Social networking is available to criminals and friends. The Upside to Social Media and Satire Essay Samples Many people have the inclination to react much faster to humor, especially in the event that you succeed to make them see absurdity the way that you do. When one is requested to write about social networking, it's imperative they open their thinking to avert a limited stream of ideas. Learn how to enjoy everything the world has to offer you. Without technology, everybody in the world would be happy.

Sources of Economic Value Analysis for IVM vs IVF - myassignmenthelp

Question: Write about theSources of Economic Value Analysis for IVM vs IVF. Answer: Introduction Economic value refers to the maximum amount of money a client is willing to give for an item or a service in an open market economy. The economic value of a product or service is usually set by the partialities of a certain group of people and the tradeoffs its members create given their own resources. Economic value is right connected to the worth that any given market places on a product. Considerably the Economic value cannot be considered as static since it fluctuates whenever the prices or the qualities of similar products changes. The way people decide to spend their earnings, therefore, defines a product or service economic value. Sources of economic value for IVM vs IVF There are several sources of economic value which are differing between the two cycles. These sources act as a determinant factors from which the clients will base their decisions on which one to adopt and the one to ignore. These factors ranges from the clients expected outcome and the consequences to incur in undergoing the whole process. Based on the lecture notes the following sources have been identified as the key determinants of economic value comparison between the IVM and the IVF(Smith Desvousges, 2011). Hormonal side effects to clients IVF step one which involves the process of Hormonal stimulation has had many side effects both physical and physiological. These side effects include but not limited to; Nausea, mood swings, general discomfort and reduced sexual desires which to some cases leads to loss of work days. This step of Hormonal stimulation is avoided when it comes to IVM cycle but the rest of steps such as egg aspiration, fertilization and Embryo transfer adopted typically as in the IVF(Richardson Loomis, 2014). Considering both physical and psychological side effects which are associated with this initial step of IVF cycle such as Nausea, mood swings and general discomforts; clients are likely to shy away from going the IVF mode to IVM. This is clearly a source of economic value favoring the IVM mode to IVF(Debreu, 2011). The costs incurred to undergo either the IVM or IVF The IVM mode makes use of only the 2-4 steps of IVF. Due to this avoidance of the hormonal stimulation first step of IVF, the number of significant costs of the IVM becomes considerably low since some costs such as prices for IVM media have been cut. This mode aggregates to $4,000 less costly when it is assessed in consideration with the IVF mode. Clients will prefer this mode to IVF since its quite cheaper. This as well becomes a source of economic value in favor of IVM mode(Woodward Wui, 2014). Methods used to determine the willingness of couple to pay for a Cycle of IVM Hormonal side effects The effects of hormonal stimulation as depicted by the IVF cycle had negative impacts and due to this factor, it is even evident that a couple could even start the process and terminate before even reaching the final stage. This confirms the severity side effects of this mode. Having an alternative to evade these severe psychological and physical tortures was a big relieve. This relief was no other than the introduction of IVM. This shows that clients with infertility problems would be highly willing to pay for this mode to evade the severe side effects involved with adopting the IVF cycle(Richardson Loomis, 2014). Time taken for the egg maturity Initially, the maturity period taken by the egg was 30 days. This is the statistics based on the IVF cycle. This is considerably a long time periods of waiting considering the alternative period of 2 days applicable in the IVM cycle. The waiting time cost in this scenario would then play a very significant role for the choice to be made by the client. To evade these long periods of egg maturity waiting, clients would be willing to sacrifice any amount purposely to have this cycle hastened(Smith Desvousges, 2011). Individual decision on the amount to charge for a cycle Holding some factors constant such as insurance coverage, channels and regulations I would charge $12000 for a cycle of IVM. Basing my argument on the utility theory of value where the price and the value are believed to solely be based on the level of satisfaction an individual receives from a certain product or a service(Smith Desvousges, 2011), IVM cycle had all the benefits clients would wish to get in cases of infertility problem. To begin with, it did not have the side effects initially encountered in its earlier version IVF. Secondly, the maturity of eggs could take 2 days which was quite a reduced duration when compared to the time this maturity process could take in IVF (30 days). These two important improvements of IVM cycle compared to IVF cycle ensured high levels of client satisfaction. According to Utility theory of value, these benefits of IVM over the IVF directly qualified this Cycle to me of more value than IVF and bearing in mind that the cost of IVF stood at $9000, this satisfies my proposed cost for the IVM cycle(Richardson Loomis, 2014). References Debreu. (2011). Theory of value: An axiomatic analysis of ecological equilibrium. Washington: University press. Richardson, Loomis. (2014). sources of economic value to an industry. Journal of ecological economics, pp.126-187. Smith, Desvousges. (2011). An empirical analysis of the economic value. journal of political economy, pp.134-156. Woodward, Wui. (2014). The economic value of healthy services .

Give Advice to a Business Visitor to Your Country free essay sample

SaharaI would like to say if anybody comes in our country, it’s our duty to ensure that when they go back they say it was a good country to visit and the people were also good, helping and polite. So I will start by giving you some Moroccan specialties and show the way of life in Morocco. First, let’s begin with the gift-giving. Moroccans like to get to know you before giving or receiving gifts. You should wait until after the first meeting to present a gift. When you are invited to a Moroccans home, you should bring a gift for the hostess. Gift of pastries, nuts or flowers are appropriate, then you mustn’t open a gift when received. Second, for women, being professionally dressed for business could be a business suit, dress or pant suit while still ensuring that you covered down to the below the knee and most of the arm. We will write a custom essay sample on Give Advice to a Business Visitor to Your Country or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page For men, a dark colored business suit is appropriate. Third, the conversation in Morocco is a bit different as we discuss more about daily life, movies, series and football, Moroccans love football and support for the two biggest Spanish clubs is high here with a lot of rivalry. Also a greeting from a Moroccan will be a handshake at the first meeting and until they get to know you. Once a relationship has been established the greeting will be a kiss on both cheeks. What more can I tell you about my country. Oh I forgot to tell an important thing, if you are invited to a Moroccans home you should always remove your shoes before entering and you must eat from the section of the bowl that is immediately in front of you. Finally, traditionally, the left hand is considered unclean and the right hand should be used for pretty much everything. Do not gesture or eat with your left hand, even if you are left handed. That’s all what you have to know about Morocco, you are welcome and make yourself at home.

War for Talent

War for Talent Introduction The global economy has significantly expanded within the last decade. Human resource managers, business leaders, and other entrepreneurs at large have found it increasingly challenging to recruit new and skilled workforce in their business institutions.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on War for Talent specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These business organisations need skilled employees for critical entrepreneurial processes such as decision-making and strategic planning in order to gain competitive advantage in both local and global markets. However, the gap between the need for skilled workers and available employment positions is seemingly becoming a challenge for many business organizations around the globe. This phenomenon has crowned into a war for talent that has challenged the accomplishment of goals and objectives for many businesses and organisations. This paper provides insight to the extent to wh ich war for talent has become both a local and global challenge for businesses and organizations. The Global War for Talent Numerous researchers have unveiled that many organisations, especially in America, Nordic region, and Asia, have gradually fallen short of competitive talents (Chambers, Foulon, Handfield-Jones, Hankin, Michaels 1998). The world underwent an immense revolution in terms of technology during the last decade. Apparently, technology has led to the expansion of businesses and the invention of new ones. As a result, many companies have sprouted within this technological revolution leading to new brands in the market. However, Klein (2013) claims that there is no adequate professional talent to fill the labour gap that is associated with this nature of organisational dynamism. There is an increasing demand for expertise knowledge about a variety of professional dimensions such as information and technology literacy, free and private enterprise skills, strategic plann ing, and international shrewdness (Chambers et al. 1998). Lately, due to the aforementioned trend of events, multinational companies have begun to seek talents from foreign countries where quality education is highly regarded. In their research, the authors note that the shortage of talents in business organisations has forced some executive directors to serve an increasing number of companies in their career life.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This situation is due to the urge for companies to seek the best business leaders to manage their companies. According to Chambers et al. (1998), many companies extend less weight to the practice of nurturing talents within their business organisations. Global Leadership Many multinational corporations across the globe have championed to secure the world’s best business executives to lead their businesses (Ju 2013). There is a need for organisations to maintain competitive leaders in order to improve their bottom lines. Despite the urge for highly qualified professionals, many human resource managers of contemporary business firms face a hard time in search for brilliant talents from the twenty-first century generation (Larkan 2009). Due to competition and emergence of new markets for products, leaders of these business firms have to recruit professionals to take charge of the managerial jobs. However, the human resource managers meet the recruitment of business executives with the possibility of unforeseen shortcomings of taking on under qualified individuals, masked in volatile skills and knowledge about their anticipated responsibilities (Martin 2013). Furthermore, international firms have to persevere costly hiring of executives due to extreme competition, especially in emerging markets. According to the authors, the emerging markets have more war for talent than the developed markets. The quality of the products and size of the market depends on the expertise knowledge of the employees. The author unveils that multinationals have lately found difficulties to recruit and maintain highly talented personnel in their business organizations. A survey conducted by Klein (2013) to investigate the confidence of employees in their companies indicated that 71 percent of business executives were confident that they would be retained in their current positions for at least two to three years. Aging Population and Global Demographics Researchers have attested that there an increasing gap between the number of aged persons who leave the workforce and the availability of new talents to occupy the vacant positions (Burkus Osula 2011). The authors project that the global aging population will rise from 10 percent to 20 percent in the next three decades. Such demographics trend reflects a tremendous decrease of skilled labour force.Advertising We will write a custom essay sa mple on War for Talent specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The growth economies entirely hinge on the magnitude and superiority of the available workforce. Therefore, the foreseen decrease in qualified talents will lead to loss of human capital in many multinational corporations that drive the economies of many nations, both in the developing and developed world. As well, such loss of human capital will pose a very serious risk for growing and emerging economies. The demographic patterns of the world have also changed variably in nearly every geographic region of the world. The major factors that have affected the demographic patterns include improved longevity, reduced birth rates, and governance laws on birth control. The above factors reflect a decline in the overall productive population in the next few decades (Spitulnik 2009). Further research has revealed that, if the demographic trend continues, there will reach a time when the elderly people will have to remain in the workforce for considerably more years than today. The author reveals that several countries have changed the retirement laws for future economic security. For instance, China is the magnitude of local talents has reduced in the past five years due to higher retirement rates than the employment rates. The situation has forced employers to hire experts from other countries to supplement the low number of existing local workforce (Levy, Beechler, Taylor, Boyacigiller 2007). Skills Gap and Diversity Irrespective of the declining workforce, there is still an outsized worldwide population of both literate and illiterate people that does meet the minimum threshold for employment (Levy et al. 2007). The quest for tech-savvy workforce to take hold of technologically aligned employment positions in computing, information technology, and most engineering industries has created a questionable skills gap. The authors attest that there is a global shortage of te chnologists to take on employment in automated industries due to insufficiency of high-level technology skills. Moreover, the diversification of global business firms and industries has raised the demand for all-round workforce that can adjust to different business environments with little or no challenges. Workers participating in international business affairs have to acquire diverse proficiency skills in disciplines such as culture relations, information technology, linguistics, and general enterprise skills. Furthermore, contemporary multinational companies thrive in a world that is highly globalized (Larkan 2009).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Mobility of Talents Because of globalisation, Levy et al. (2007) reveals that most international regulations that govern emigration have been waivered to pave a way for business activities across the different spheres of the globe. The loosening of emigration laws has challenged individuals worldwide to venture into global labour markets. As a result, there has been mobility of talents from one country to another as individuals get employment both in mainland or overseas countries. Ng (2013) claims that globalisation has eased the process of hiring brilliant talents from foreign countries. In the aforementioned, China and Japan are leading examples in the importation of the labour force to fill in their employment gaps due to their state of declining productive population. Many researchers have posited that mobility because of the war for talent has led to elevated emigration rates (Levy et al. 2007). This phenomenon has resulted in brain drain for the majority of the talented worke rs who leave their own countries for employment in foreign nations. However, in a number of cases, some countries, especially in the Unites States, have encouraged the need for talent flow, contrary to brain drain. This practice has promoted the return of skills to home countries in order to boost local talents. Integration of Mobility and Global Talent Undoubtedly, mobility is an important business opportunity that many leaders highly prioritise. Ju (2013) speculates that the magnitude of globally mobile workforce will rise significantly in the next 5 years. There is a need for business leaders to integrate mobility and global talents in order to compensate for skill gaps. Multinational organisations have to develop new leaders and acquaint them with the necessary skills, knowledge, and experience to establish new markets. The importance of integrating mobility and global talents is to nurture future talents that can save the global economy from suffering enormous losses due to ski ll gap. In a survey conducted by Chambers et al. (1998) to seek opinions on global mobility, the authors revealed that 61 percent of the respondents perceived global mobility as a crucial strategy for developing their talents and life careers. Apparently, 38 percent suggested that progressive global mobility could become more important for multinationals if business leaders could give the idea much more weight. According to Martin (2013), business leaders need to understand the importance of integrating mobility and talents in an attempt to improve global talent competency. Development of Talents According to Klein (2013), there are potential recruits for diverse employment opportunities worldwide. However, the challenge of recruiting and retaining such potential employees is the biggest question from many organisations. Researchers have revealed that there is a global pool of university graduates, who bear unreliable expertise for industrial and/or commercial activities. As a resul t, some organisations have sought new ways of maintaining their personnel through talent development. For instance, McDonnell (2011) reveals the Asian case where leaders emphasize the development of employee talents more than in any other place on the globe. A survey conducted by Levy et al. (2007) revealed that over 60 percent of the companies in Asian countries reported less satisfaction experienced from the performance of new employees. As a result, these companies advocate for the development of employee skills in order to nurture and maintain their talents. This strategy builds the companies’ confidence in the performance of their employees, and thus enhances the need to retain them. Besides Asia, other countries such as China, India, Latin America, the Middle East, and Eastern Europe have recently embraced the development of talents for employees. Concisely, the development of talents develops the overall specialisation skills and experience of employees. Hence, it impr oves both personal and organisational performance (Spitulnik 2011). The Local War on Talent War for talent is not only a challenge at the global arena but also an impasse at the local level. Many local companies have also found themselves in the fight for skilled professionals to take on crucial managerial positions (Levy et al. 2007). The local companies are as good as the multinational corporations. While the multinational corporations rule the global economy, the local business firms and enterprises run the regional economy. A major challenge that faces the local companies is the mobility of talents to foreign countries. Many companies underpay their skilled workforce owing to varying economic status quos for diverse countries across the globe. Consequently, skilled workers seek better compensations from the global labour market. To a considerable extent, mobility deprives the local companies of competent talents. Ng (2013) confirms that there is improper coordination of local ta lents in many countries across continents. There is a misalignment of the education system with the employment sector. So many scholars graduate from local universities only to miss their career job opportunities due to unavailable opportunities for their pursued degree programme. Others end up in underemployment in very different sectors that do not match with their learned skills. Leaders of local companies have to develop and retain local talents in order to foster job specialisation and adequacy of the required skills. Conclusion The war for talent remains an inevitable practice for multinational companies. Local companies have no exception too. The competition for experts is the determinant for the accomplishment of organisational goals and objectives. Therefore, worldwide multinational companies will continue investing huge sums of their finances to facilitate the recruitment of talented workforce through rigorous examination of their skills and leadership abilities. In additi on, the mobility of talents is an ever-growing phenomenon as companies seek talents from the best workforce developers of the world. China, in particular, is the world’s leading importer of talents due to its state of declining population. Researchers and policymakers have to deliberate on the best ways that companies could use in order to integrate global talents and mobility. Development of proper strategies and approaches to talent management is unavoidable for the success of both local and global businesses. Reference List Burkus, D Osula, B 2011, ‘Faulty Intel in the War for Talent: Replacing the Assumptions of Talent Management with Evidence-based Strategies’, Journal of Business Studies Quarterly, vol. 3 no. 2, pp. 1-9. Chambers, E.G, Foulon, M, Handfield-Jones, H, Hankin, M Michaels, G 1998, ‘The War for Talent’, The McKinsey Quarterly, vol. 1 no. 3, pp. 44-57. Ju, S 2013, ‘Global Talent War 2.0: From Hiring to Utilization’, SE RI Quarterly, vol. 6 no. 1, pp. 79-82. Klein, S 2013, ‘If you want to survive the talent war’, Smart Business Houston, vol. 8 no. 7, pp.11-11. Larkan, K 2009, Winning the Talent War: The 8 Essentials, Marshall Cavendish Business, Singapore. Levy, O, Beechler, S, Taylor, S Boyacigiller, N 2007, ‘What we talk about when we talk about ‘global mindset’: managerial cognition in multinational corporations’, Journal of International Business Studies, vol. 38 no. 2, pp. 231–258. Martin, A 2013, ‘New War on Talent’, Leadership Excellence, vol. 30 no.9, p. 7. McDonnell, A 2011, ‘Still Fighting the War for Talent? Bridging the Science Versus Practice Gap’, Journal of Business Psychology, vol. 26 no. 2, pp. 169-173. Ng, T 2013, ‘The global war for talent: responses and challenges in the Singapore higher education system’, Journal of Higher Education Policy Management, vol. 35 no. 3, pp. 280-292. Spitulnik, J 2006, ‘Cognitive development needs and performance in and aging workforce’, Organization Development Journal, vol. 24 no. 3, pp. 44–53.

What is business ethics Staff Motivation Dissertation

What is business ethics Staff Motivation - Dissertation Example Widespread knowledge of the need to paying so much attention to human resource has therefore paved way for the understanding that ‘the people are the money because the people make the money’. Talking of people here brings our focus to two major categories of people who are customers and employees. There have been several debates in the field of human resource management as to which of these two groups determine the growth of a company most. This dissertation shall however give much attention to employees as vital human resource components for business growth. In discussing the need to ensuring a well catered for human resource, and having the employee as a focus, one issue that comes out easily is the issue of business ethics. This is because reviewers and researchers have worked assiduously to coming to proof that having sets of business ethics that focuses on the well-being of the employee has a lot to do with determining the growth rate of any company. Business ethics plays vital role; especially when well applied in ensuring that the welfare of the employee is catered for. Business ethics however comes in several ways and forms. For the sake of this research, the researcher shall base his arguments on business ethics on employee or staff motivation. Painfully, many organizations and companies refuse to see employee motivation as a core component of business or organizational ethics. This is a wrong perception because lack of motivation affects a company or an organization in several different ways and when it gets out of hand, it becomes obvious in small phenomenon like absenteeism, conflicts, increased deviance, less team work and bad reactions towards customers (Quatro & Sims 2008, p.273). Motivation is a natural phenomenon of life and so are its effects. There are researchers who even describe the effect or reaction that follows motivation as one of the world’s most contentious forms of involuntary action (Wright, 2001). To some, the reaction of motivation is magical †¦ and to yet to some others, it cannot be tamed. This is because almost all people around the world react to motivation in the same way. Once a person is motivated, especially at work, the person becomes energized and fueled to give off his or her every best. It is for this reason that the researcher has dedicated this research work to finding the relationship between staff motivation as a form of business ethics and increased productivity and subsequent increase in business growth. Research Aim This study is done with an aim of analyzing the effects of business ethics in motivating the staff and bringing about a change in their productivity levels. This is however a very broad aim that needs to be synthesized. The researcher has done this process of synthesis by breaking the research aim into specific objectives for the research. Specific Objectives These specific objectives are minor and intermittent goals that have set by the researcher. It is the hope of the researcher that along the conduct of the entire research, various tasks taken shall lead to the achievement of the specific objectives. This is because as the specific objectives get achieved along the research, it would lead to the eventual achievement of the broader researcher aim set above. To this end, the specific research objectives to be used by the researcher are as follows: 1. To explain the meaning of the term, business ethics. 2. To explore the various forms of

Hacking Exposed Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Hacking Exposed - Essay Example viewing the Defense Threat Reduction Agency server, the agency of the Department of Defense; and â€Å"downloaded the proprietary environmental control software for the International Space Station — the programming that controlled the temperature and humidity in the station’s living space† (What’s the latest, 2010, par.1). Initially, James was â€Å"banned from recreational computer use and was slated to serve a six-month sentence under house arrest with probation. However, he served six months in prison for violation of parole† (IT Security, 2010, par.7). It was clearly indicated in the article that James hacked computers for fun. He was exposed to computers at a very young age. His father remembers James as â€Å"a passionate computer geek, who started playing with the family PC at the age of 6, and switched his own computer from Windows to Linux in middle school† (What’s the latest, 2010, par. 8). Due to the tender age of James, at 16, when he was sentenced for the crimes committed, what could have been a 10 year sentence of incarceration for an adult for the crime, he was only restricted from using the computer and was on house arrest with clear probation. Given the sensitivity of the organizations he hacked, he should have been given a more stringent punishment in terms of an extended period of incarceration (or house arrest, for that matter). Or, since he has proven to have the intelligence and the capacity to intrude sensitive softwares of top organizations, one of these organizations could have used his potentials to productive use. By merely letting him go after the punishment, he was again suspected of â€Å"being part of the conspiracy responsible for the largest identity theft in U.S. history. He was found dead of a self-inflicted gunshot wound in his home on May 18, 2008, less than two weeks after agents raided his house in connection with a hacking ring that penetrated TJX, DSW and OfficeMax, among others† (Whats, 2010, par.6). Ultimately,

Synthesis and Characterization of Tetraphenyltin

Synthesis and Characterization of Tetraphenyltin ABSTRACTS Tetraphenyltin in high yield has been prepared by the reaction of chlorobenzene, chlorotin (IV) and sodium metal in dry toluene characterized by Infra-red spectroscopy. Introduction Organic compounds that contains metal-carbon bond are called organometallic compounds. Organometallic compounds have been studied for nearly 200 years. Unique properties of these compounds have been used in many areas of life. The reactivity of organometallic compounds depends on the reduction potential of metal. For preparation and use, it is markedly observed that most reactivity requires low to moderate temperature and inert conditions like atmosphere and solvent. Generally the reactivity of these compounds seems like the ionic character of the carbon-metal bond, which may be estimated from the proton and carbon chemical shifts of methyl derivatives. % Ionic character of H3C–Metal as (CH3)2Hg 3)2Cd 3)2Zn 3)2Mg 3L [1]. The first reported organometallic compounds were prepared by the reductive substitution of alkyl halides. Alkali metals have strong or moderate negative reduction potentials, with lithium and magnesium being the most reactive. Halide reactivity increases in the order: Cl _R) tends to predominate. This can also be a problem when allyl or benzyl halides are converted to Grignard or lithium reagent [2]. Organometallic compounds of group (IV) elements There is an exceedingly extensive chemistry of the group four elements bound to carbon and some of the compounds, notably silicon-oxygen polymers and alkyl tin and lead compounds are of commercial importance. Essentially all the compounds are of the type M(IV) type. In the divalent state the only well established compounds are cyclopentadienyl tin alkyls or aryls of formula R2Sn are either transitory or non-existent, and the stable substances of this stoichiometry are linear or cyclic polymers of tetravalent tin. For all the group four elements the compounds can generally be designated R4-nMXn where R is the alkyl or aryl and X can vary widely being H, Cl, O, COR, OR, NR2SR etc. For a given class of compounds those with C-Si and C-Ge bonds have higher thermal stability and lower reactivity than those with bonds to Sn and Pb [3]. Organometallic compounds of Tin There are four series of organotin compounds depending on the number of carbon-tin bonds. These series are designated as mono-, di-, tri-, and tetraorganotin compounds with the general formula: RnSn X4-n Where R = an alkyl or aryl group Sn = the central tin atom in the oxidation state +4 X = a singly charged anion or an anionic organic group [4]. Complexes of transition metals The ability of transition metals to form organo derivatives only begins to be appreciated properly during the nineteen fifties. Nonetheless, the organometallic compounds of transition metals now constitute an enormous, diversified field of chemistry, which is still expanding rapidly. It begins breadth by merging into the field of metal carbonyls and related compounds. They also differ in structure from that of non-transition organo-metal derivatives. The transition metals form compounds in which there is metal to carbon sigma bond although pi bond in some cases may also be formed. More important, the unique characteristic of d orbital allow certain type of unsaturated hydrocarbons and some of their derivatives to be bound to metals in a non-classical manner to give molecules or ions with structures that have no counterpart elsewhere in chemistry. Not only is a wide range of organo compounds of different types are isolable, but also labile species play an important role in olefins, acetylene and their derivatives catalyzed by metal complexes [5]. Applications of Organotin compounds Depending on the organic groups, they can be powerful bactericides and fungicides [4]. Tributyltins are used as industrial biocides, eg. as antifungal agents in textiles and paper, wood pulp and paper mill systems, breweries, and industrial cooling systems. Tributyltins are also used in marine anti-fouling paint [1]. Triphenyltins are used as active components of anti fungal paints and agricultural fungicides [5]. Organotin compounds are widely studied class of meta-based antitumor drugs [2]. Organotin compounds are used in treatment of hyperbilirubinaemia [2]. Organotin compounds are used in chemicals used for wood preservation [1]. Addition of Organotin compounds to PVC increases its stability [1]. Organo metallic transition complexes also have role in molecular rearrangement processes [2]. Hypercoordinated Stannanes Tin compounds can also be coordinated to five atoms instead of the regular four unlike their carbon analogues. The stability of these hypercoordinated compounds is managed by electronegative substituent. In 2007 a stable organotin (all carbon pentaorganostannane) was reported at room-temperature (in argon) [4] in the form of lithium salt with the following structure. The geometry of the molecule is distorted trigonal bipyramidal. The carbon to tin bond lengths are 2.26Ã… apical, 2.17Ã… equatorial. These are larger than regular C–Sn bonds (2.14Ã…) which shows its hypervalent nature. Biological Aspects The chemistry of the organotin(IV) derivatives is being subject of study with growing interest, not only because of the environmental consequences of the widespread use of these compounds, but also as due to the increasingly importance of their medical assays for bactericide and antitumor purposes. In this respect, various triorganotins have been reported recently to be effective against mosquito larvae and adult mosquitoes responsible for malaria and yellow fever, and also some phenyltin derivatives display cardiovascular activity. In general, the structure-activity relationship in this kind of compounds is still subject of controversy, but it seems been established that, for instance, in the case of triorganotin carboxylates, those containing trans-O2SnC3 moieties exhibit a greater biocidal activity than those containing cis-O2SnC3. Organotin compounds have been implicated as reproductive toxicants and endocrine disruptors primarily through studies in aquatic organisms, with little information available in mammals. Among the organotins, aryltins have been less studied than alkyltins. Extensive data is available on mammalian developmental and reproductive toxicity of one aryltin compound, triphenyltin (TPT), from toxicity studies conducted in connection with the registration of triphenyltin hydroxide (TPTH) as a pesticide and supporting publications from the open literature. Indications of adverse functional and morphological effects on the reproductive tract of rats were reported in a dose range of 1.4-20 mg/kg/d. Gonadal histopathology (both ovaries and testes) and infertility were affected at the higher doses, while reproductive-tract cancer, smaller litter sizes, and reproductive organ weights were affected at the lower end of the dose range. In vitro studies indicate the TPT can directly activate androgen re ceptor-mediated transcription and inhibit enzymes that are involved in steroid hormone metabolism. These data suggest that the aryltin TPT can be active as a reproductive toxicant in mammals and may be a human endocrine disruptor. Organotins are one of the classes of compounds implicated as â€Å"endocrine disruptors† (Colborn Clement, 1992) primarily on the basis of the finding of imposex in aquatic gastropods (Smith, 1981; Horiguchi et al., 1994). In these organisms, genetic females and parts of the male reproductive system, including the penis and vas deferens, superimposed on a normal female genital system. Implications for mammalian reproduction are less explored. There are no available epidemiological studies of the reproductive toxicity of organotins in humans or mammalian wildlife populations, so that mammalian reproductive toxicity information is limited to laboratory animals. Among the organotins, a particularly large database on reproductive toxicity in laboratory animals is available through studies conducted for registration of triphenyltin hydroxide as a pesticide. Triphenyltin (TPT) came into use as a fungicide and matricide in the 1950s (HSDB, 1998). Currently, about 10 products containing TPT are registered for use as pesticides by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). Registration for TPT hydroxide was cancelled in California in 1983. TPT acetate and hydroxide were banned from use in the European Union (EU) in 2002 (Lo et al., 2003). This review presents and integrates information on reproductive toxicity from the triphenyltin hydroxide (TPTH) registration database made available through the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA), and includes papers on mammalian reproductive toxicity of other TPT salts. In this review, information from the pesticide registration data is presented in some detail since it is not available. Estimates of exposure for total tin indicate that the main route in the general population is from food, about 4 mg/d. A national survey in the United States in 1982 reported 8.7-15 à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ­g tin/g in human adipose tissue (ATSDR, 1992). However, these estimates are based on outdated information, and much of the tin came from canned foods (inorganic tin) (ATSDR, 1992). The most recent information for TPT is from Japan (Tsuda et al., 1995). Duplicate portion studies indicated an intake of 0.7 à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ­g TPT/d in 1991 and 1992, and market basket surveys indicated intakes of 5.4 and 1.3 à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ­g TPT/d in 1991 and 1992, respectively. Analytical techniques are now becoming available to separate various forms of inorganic and organic tin which promise more accurate human exposure assessment. Chemical equations 2Na + C6H5Cl C6H5Na + NaCl 4 C6H5Na +SnCl4 (C6H5)4Sn + 4NaCl Reagents required: 275 ml of dry toluene (350 ml if wet) 35 ml of chlorobenzene 15 gm of sodium 10 ml of SnCl4 Dry ice Special apparatus required: 500 ml, three neck, round-bottom flask Variac High-speed stirring motor Stirring rod with sharp metal blades Cylinder of argon About 1000 ml of kerosene in pane Extra sintered-glass funnels and filter flask Procedure Fifteen grams of clean sodium chunks and 250 ml of dry toluene are placed in the flask. A thermometer and an argon inlet tube are inserted through one of the side arm of the flask. The other side arm is Stoppard. Insert the stirrer through the main mouth of the flask, taking care of that the stirring blades cannot hit the thermometer and that they are above the chunks of sodium. While stirring gently, and with a slow stream of argon flowing, heat the contents slowly to 105 °. Then lower the stirrer so that the blades are about 1cm from the bottom of the flask and turn the stirrer on full power. It will be found necessary to increase the power input to the heating mental in order to keep the temperature at 105 °. After about 10 min of vigorous stirring at 105 °, remove the heating mantle from the flask. When the temperature has fallen to 99 °, stop the stirrer and allow the flask to cool to room temperature. The sodium should now be in the form of fine sand. Stir the sodium ge ntly to see if any of the particles have agglomerated. If so, the process must be repeated. If the sodium dispersion is not be used immediately, thoroughly flush the flask with the argon and tightly stopper it. Using the heating mantle, heat the dispersion, with moderately vigorous stirring, to 45 °. Attach a dropping funnel containing 35 ml of chlorobenzene to the unused side arm and add 2 to 3 ml of the chlorobenzene to the flask. Notice: The flask should never contain more than 3 ml of un reacted chlorobenzene! If more than this amount is present, an uncontrollably vigorous reaction may take place, resulting in a fire. Remove the heating mantle from the flask. The reaction should start, as evidenced by a rise in the temperature. If the reaction does not start at 45 °, cautiously rise the temperature to 50 ° (no higher!). If the reaction starts at this temperature, the temperature may suddenly rise to as high as 55 °, so be ready to cool the flask quickly with the kerosene bath. (If the reaction does not start at 50 °, cool the flask to room temperature, cautiously hydrolyze the mixture with alcohol, and discard). Temperature in access of 50 ° will not cause great harm at the beginning of the synthesis, but thereafter the temperature must be kept below 45 °; keep the flask partially immersed in the kerosene bath and cool the kerosene bath by occasionally adding pieces of DRY Ice to it. The temperature of the reaction mixture may be held between 40 and 45 ° by adjusting the rate of addition of chlorobenzene. After all the chlorobenzene has been added (about 1 to 2 hours), place a solution of 10ml of stannic chloride in 25ml of toluene in the dropping funnel, and, over a period of 30 min, add this solution to the reaction flask. During this addition, it is necessary to cool the flask so as to keep the temperature below 45 °. The flask now be stored indefinitely (without protection from the air) until the tin tetra phenyl is extracted from the mixture. Wipe the kerosene from the bottom of the flask, and, with moderate stirring, heat the mixture to incipient boiling and quickly filter through a sintered-glass funnel. It is best to keep most of the solid residue in the reaction flask. Cool the filtrate to room temperature and filter off the product on another sintered-glass funnel. Return the filtrate to the original flask and repeat the extraction two or three times until no more product precipitates on cooling the solution to room temperature. It is helpful to add another 100 ml of toluene to the mixture to reduce the necessary number of extractions. The final solution should be cooled in an ice bath before filtering. Suck the crystals of tin tetra phenyl as dry as possible on the filter and then let them air dry for 4 to 20 hours on a watch glass. A yield of about 25 gm of material melting at 266 to 228 ° should be obtained. A pure product (melting at 299 °) may be obtained by re crystallization from benzene or toluene. RESULTS AND DISCUSION Physical data for reported compounds are given in Table 1. Compound # Empirical formula M.P ( °C) Solubility % Yield 1. (C6H5)4Sn 110-112 Toluene, Ethanol, Chloroform 72 IR spectroscopy IR is one of the most important spectroscopic methods used for qualitative and quantitative analysis. It is based on the fact that each compound has its own unique spectra and certain functional groups absorbat about the same wavelength even in different molecules. Its single most important use has been for the identification of organic compounds whose spectra are generally complex and provide numerous maxima and minima that are used for comparison purposes. Indeed in most instances the IR spectrum of the compounds especially of organic compounds provides a unique finger print, which is readily distinguished from the absorption pattern from all other compounds because only optical isomers absorb in the same way. Absorption of IR radiation is confined largely to molecular species for which small energy differences exist between various vibration and rotational states. As for as spectrum is concerned we see a prominent peak at 457cm-1, which indicates the formation of metal to carbon b ond, which shows the formation of our product. For aliphatic CH peak appear at 3057 cm-1 . References P. Powell, Principles of Organometallic Chemistry, (1988), 2nd edition, Chapman and Hall, New York, pp-1-10. T.Mole and E.A Jaffery, Organometallic Compounds, (1972), 3rd edition, Elsvier Publishing Company, London, pp.89-92. F. Albert and Geoffrey Wilkinson, Advanced Inorganic Chemistry, (1962), 3rd edition, Interscience Publishers, New York, pp-310-312. J.C Bailar, H.J Emeleus, S.R Nhylom and A.F Trotman, Comprehensive Inorganic Chemistry, (1973), 2nd edition, Prgmon, New York, pp.153-157. J.C Bailar, H.J Emeleus, S.R Nhylom and A.F Trotman, Comprehensive Inorganic Chemistry, (1973), 4th edition, Prgmon, New York, pp.89-93. J.W Robinson, Undergraduate Instrumental Analysis, 5th Edition,(995), Marcel Dekker, New York,pp.166-168. A.U Rehman, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, 1st edition,(1989),pp.90-93.

Operatic Melodrama in Apocalypse Now Essay -- Apocalypse Now Essays

Operatic Melodrama in Apocalypse Now The political and social unrest of the 1970s provided Hollywood with some of its most influential films, often stemming from unlikely sources; two decades after melodrama's heyday, the genre re-emerged in an original form that continues to affect modern filmmaking. The historical influences of Italian opera and Hollywood family melodramas spawned a type of film that has been described as "historical, operatic, choral or epic" (Greene 388). Filmmakers of the 1970s explored the traditional modes of melodramatic expression in order to address the socially charged times they lived in. Filmed in the wake of the Vietnam War, Francis Ford Coppola's Apocalypse Now is a complex treatise of human morality and modern warfare that expresses itself through melodramatic conventions. Coppola contained his war movie to the personal level, in order to make larger criticisms of the Vietnam conflict. The central narrative, based on Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness, follows an Oedipal trajectory simila r to those found in many 1950's family melodramas. The surreal, and often ironic use of music provides a startling counterpoint to the actions on screen. The film is imbued with many of the representative motifs, such as sexual dysfunction and alcoholism, which are found in earlier melodramas. Apocalypse Now helped to establish a new film genre - the operatic melodrama - that combined the historical representations of classic melodramas with the raw spectacle of modern filmmaking. Although distinctive melodramatic traditions developed in multiple countries, the Italian model is the most similar to that of the 1970's epic. While some melodramatic traditions evolved through novels or the theatre, "in Italy, ... ... out of a 1950s woman's film. The melodramatic influences of the film continue to manifest themselves in the newer release, just as Apocalypse Now continues to influence the epic movies of contemporary filmmakers. The unison of operatic spectacle and personal conflict spawned an original genre in the 1970s that remains an effective method of addressing social concerns. As we enter another period of political unrest and social change, it is likely that a new wave of melodramatic films is beginning to form on the horizon; there are certainly parallels between a government that declares war on terrorism and the U.S. army in Vietnam, who "knew everything about military tactics, but nothing about where they were or who the enemy was" (Cowie 143). From Conrad to Coppola, nuclear family to nuclear terrorism; never get off the boat, unless you're willing to go all the way. Operatic Melodrama in Apocalypse Now Essay -- Apocalypse Now Essays Operatic Melodrama in Apocalypse Now The political and social unrest of the 1970s provided Hollywood with some of its most influential films, often stemming from unlikely sources; two decades after melodrama's heyday, the genre re-emerged in an original form that continues to affect modern filmmaking. The historical influences of Italian opera and Hollywood family melodramas spawned a type of film that has been described as "historical, operatic, choral or epic" (Greene 388). Filmmakers of the 1970s explored the traditional modes of melodramatic expression in order to address the socially charged times they lived in. Filmed in the wake of the Vietnam War, Francis Ford Coppola's Apocalypse Now is a complex treatise of human morality and modern warfare that expresses itself through melodramatic conventions. Coppola contained his war movie to the personal level, in order to make larger criticisms of the Vietnam conflict. The central narrative, based on Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness, follows an Oedipal trajectory simila r to those found in many 1950's family melodramas. The surreal, and often ironic use of music provides a startling counterpoint to the actions on screen. The film is imbued with many of the representative motifs, such as sexual dysfunction and alcoholism, which are found in earlier melodramas. Apocalypse Now helped to establish a new film genre - the operatic melodrama - that combined the historical representations of classic melodramas with the raw spectacle of modern filmmaking. Although distinctive melodramatic traditions developed in multiple countries, the Italian model is the most similar to that of the 1970's epic. While some melodramatic traditions evolved through novels or the theatre, "in Italy, ... ... out of a 1950s woman's film. The melodramatic influences of the film continue to manifest themselves in the newer release, just as Apocalypse Now continues to influence the epic movies of contemporary filmmakers. The unison of operatic spectacle and personal conflict spawned an original genre in the 1970s that remains an effective method of addressing social concerns. As we enter another period of political unrest and social change, it is likely that a new wave of melodramatic films is beginning to form on the horizon; there are certainly parallels between a government that declares war on terrorism and the U.S. army in Vietnam, who "knew everything about military tactics, but nothing about where they were or who the enemy was" (Cowie 143). From Conrad to Coppola, nuclear family to nuclear terrorism; never get off the boat, unless you're willing to go all the way.

Software development and engineering

à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ There are two features which are common to most engineering definitions à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ The solution of practical problems for the benefit of humankind à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ The use of scientific and other formalised knowledge to design and build artefacts within economic constraints Difference between scientists and engineers: à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Scientific reasoning and research is essentially inductive, scientists try to infer general rules or laws from the results of a limited number of observations or experimental results à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ The activities of engineers are quite distinct, their objective is for human benefit rather than explaining the natural world. They make use of scientific results in a deductive way (to verify designs and ideas that are feasible and safe. Development of engineering disciplines QUESTION: How does engineering come to make use of scientific and formalised knowledge? ANSWER: The discipline starts in a state of craft practice: At this stage engineering is carried out by practitioners with little or no formal training and knowledge is acquired during apprenticeship. The second stage is the development of commercial exploitation when pressures arise to make economic use of resources or to increase output. Practice becomes more organised and standard procedures are established. The third stage in development sees the emergence of professional engineering. At this stage engineering is carried out by educated professionals who use formal analysis and scientific theory to understand and verify their designs. Characteristics of engineering Engineering projects tackle clearly defined and quantified problems. Another aspect of modern engineering is the use of systematised knowledge, this knowledge gives the engineer a good understanding both of the problems that he or she is addressing and the materials available for their solution. A science-based knowledge engineer will have considerable knowledge of proven procedures and designs which they can reuse where appropriate. An important aspect of this codified knowledge is the ability to learn from failures. SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT AS ENGINEERING? Development of compiler technology à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ In the 1950s when high-level programming languages were first being designed and implemented, compiler writing was regarded as difficult. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ The development of the first compiler for FORTRAN, completed in early 1957, required about 18 person-years of effort. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Compiler technology has progressed dramatically since, that a compiler can now be implemented in anything from 6 person-weeks to a person-year. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Modern compilers generally produce executable code that is very efficient and it is rare for programmers to need to resort to lower-level languages. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Compilers are usually extremely reliable being at least as free from errors as most other software on a typical computer. Large-scale development projects Large-scale projects have always been much more prone to problems or failure than smaller developments, such as compiler implementations, due to difficulties of organising and co-ordinating teams, and dealing with clients. But this is not always the case, as seen in these two examples of large and highly successful projects. Example 1: à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ SABRE, an Airline Reservation System developed for American Airlines. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ The project delivered about one million lines of code and involved around 400 person-years of effort. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ This success is all the more striking because of the lack of supporting software – there were no database systems available at that time, for example. Example 2: à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ NASA Space Shuttle. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ The project involved introducing rigorous control of software development, tracking all changes and errors, and constantly refining the development process to ensure that errors are eliminated at the earliest possible stage. Other branches of engineering which have resulted in major disasters: à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ In 1968, Roman point (a high-rise block of flats in London) collapsed after a gas explosion in a top flat. The block was constructed using prefabricated components. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ In 1980, the Hyatt Regency Hotel in Kansas City, Missouri, a suspended walkway which connected hotel floors collapsed causing deaths of 114 people. The failure was due to a combination of design and construction flaws. QUALITY AND SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT In modern industry and business there is enormous concern to try to produce goods and services of high quality. Definition of Quality – ‘The set of characteristics of a product or service which satisfy a customer's requirements and expectations' American Joseph Juran, one of the early advocates of quality management, defined quality as the fitness for uses. Detailed tracking of error statistics during development has been found by developers such as Microsoft, to be extremely useful even though they may adopt a more informal approach to managing software development (Cusumano and Selby 1997). Development of ideas about quality Total Quality Management (TQM): à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Clearly defining quality in terms of customers' or consumers' requirements à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Concentrating on achieving quality by improving production processes rather than by inspection of end products à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ The clear specification of processes and the use of statistical analyses and other techniques to track down the sources of faults so that the process can be improved à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ The involvement of everyone in quality improvement à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Constantly trying to improve quality by learning from faults and improving processes and designs. The application of quality management to software development Applicable to software development? Each development of a system is a one-off project so it is not obvious that insights derived from improving manufacturing processes are applicable. The argument of Deming and others that quality cannot be achieved by testing alone is borne out by the experience of many software developers. Quality standards – ISO 9000 In order to achieve ISO 9000 certification: à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ It has standards against which to measure all aspects of its development practices à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ It has procedures in place to access performance against these standards à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Both the standards and the assessment methods used are recognised in the industry ISO 9000 has been criticised on its particular criteria for introducing too much paperwork and ignoring the importance of continuous improvement. Capability Maturity Model This model is primarily concerned with the way in which projects are managed and organised, so it proposes five levels of maturity in development practices. 1. Initial Level-Not stable environment for developing software. Success heavily dependent on key project staff. 2. Repeatable Level-Managing software projects based on previous experience. Project progress is tracked and under control. 3. Defined Level-A standard process of software development is used across the organisation. Adapted and tailored appropriately for individual projects. 4. Managed Level-Measurable quality targets are set for projects and the results achieved by all projects are monitored. 5. Optimising Level-Measurements obtained from the monitoring of software development are used as a basis for refining and improving the process used. This level is one of continuous improvement. Chapter 11 – Societies for computing professionals WHAT ARE PROFESSIONAL SOCIETIES? à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Professionals, such as medicine or the law, are distinguished from other occupations by the long period of training and experience which are required in order to qualify as a practitioner. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Regulated by professional societies à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Societies are run by the members of the profession and represent its interests à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Not under the immediate control of the government or employers Professional institutions can be made in two ways: à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ By stature (by passing a law) à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Royal Charter The Engineering profession (the institution of Civil Engineers, the institution of Mechanical Engineers, the British Computer Society) have similar rights and responsibilities: à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ To advance knowledge in their area à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ To uphold and seek to improve standards of practice (e.g. code of conduct for members) à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ To set educational and training standards in their field (e.g. running professional exams and accrediting certain degree courses) à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ To advise the government on issues within their area of expertise (e.g. BCS on the Computer Misuse Act) THE HISTORY OF ENGINEERING PROFESSIONS à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ When engineering was at the stage of a craft practice, there were few formal mechanisms for the training of new engineers à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Throughout most of the nineteenth century British engineers were firmly convinced of the value of practical experience as the basis of training PROFESSIONAL INSTITUTIONS FOR SOFTWARE ENGINEERS Two professional institutions which have most relevance for computer professionals are the British Computer Society (BCS) and Institution of Electrical Engineers (IEE). Engineering Council à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Created by Royal Charter in 1981 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Contains 290000 qualified engineers, including about 200000 Chartered Engineers FEANI FEANI represents the engineering profession at a European level and is made of engineering institutions from 27 countries. It was formed in 1951. PROFESSIONAL MEMBERSHIP Members of professional societies gain the benefit of meeting other professionals in their field as well as access to other resources, such as libraries, seminars and special interest groups. Course accreditation Computer Science degree courses which cover similar materiel to that of the BCS exams are often accredited by the British Computer Society. For a degree course to give full exemption it must: à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Cover the underlying theory and mathematics appropriate to computing à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Have an emphasis on design à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Promote understanding of ideas of quality à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Cover systems development approaches à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Cover ethical, legal, social and professional issues à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Include a substantial student project which involves the implementation of an application or tool using an engineering-based approach. Registration with the Engineering Council The Engineering Council maintains a register of qualified engineers. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ EA1 – introduction to the fabrication and use of materials à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ EA2 – application of engineering principlines à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ EA3 – a thorough and structured introduction to industry, involving practical assignments à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ EA4 – preparation for the post with responsibility EA1 and EA2 = accredited in engineering degree EA3 and EA4 = period of appropriate work Professional development BCS has developed the Industry Structure Model to classify different roles and responsibilities which computing professionals must have. It identifies some 200 professional functions ranging from programming to management. The purpose of the model is to help individuals and organisations to plan training and career development by identifying current gaps in knowledge. BCS runs two development schemes: à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Professional Development scheme – computing professionals have properly planned and verified training Continuing Professional Development – those who have achieved qualification but who need to broaden their knowledge.

Concentration and Molarity Worked Example Problem